Which pests are typically controlled using insect growth regulators (IGRs)?

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are specifically designed to disrupt the normal growth and development processes of insects, primarily affecting immature stages such as eggs, larvae, and nymphs. By mimicking the natural hormones that regulate insect growth, IGRs prevent successful maturation and reproduction of pests.

The application of IGRs is most effective on larvae or other juvenile stages of insects because these stages are actively undergoing development and are sensitive to hormonal changes. In particular, they are commonly used against the larvae of mosquitoes and cockroaches, which are significant pests in many environments.

In contrast, adult insects, such as beetles, have already completed their growth stages and are less susceptible to the effects of IGRs. Similarly, flying insects, like flies, are also in the adult stage and thus do not experience the developmental changes that IGRs target. Farm animals do not fall under the category of pests compromised by IGRs, as these substances are primarily focused on controlling insect populations rather than affecting livestock.