What negative effects can result from over-application of pesticides?

Over-application of pesticides can lead to significant negative consequences, particularly increased pest resistance and environmental damage. When pesticides are used excessively, it allows pests to encounter higher doses that can select for individuals with resistance traits. This means that over time, the pests that survive are those that have adapted to withstand the chemicals, leading to populations that are harder to control with the same pesticides.

In terms of environmental impact, over-application of chemicals can harm non-target species, including beneficial insects, wildlife, and aquatic organisms. Soil health can also suffer due to the disruption of microbial communities that play a crucial role in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. Furthermore, excessive pesticide runoff can contaminate water sources, leading to broader ecological consequences.

In contrast, other options such as decreased pest populations, improved crop yield, and boosted beneficial insect populations would not typically result from over-application. Instead, they highlight potential outcomes associated with responsible and precise pest management practices. Thus, the statement addressing increased resistance and environmental damage correctly captures the adverse effects of excessive pesticide use.